Free-market Environmentalism, and More

(Originally Published in World Bank´s People, Spaces, Deliberation) When will the printed book die? Some think that its replacement by electronic media is imminent and promote this view using arguments that are both romantic and utopic: a new society where massive amounts of information can be accessed instantaneously and free, and with reduced environmental damage because of a decrease in the use of paper. Although neither argument can stand serious analysis, there is no question that the electronic book is rapidly gaining in popularity. Most major “brick and mortar” bookstores have gone out of business, and today Amazon sells more electronic books than printed ones. There is also an explosion of blogs related to every imaginable (and unimaginable) topic, and there is no question that electronic media have some advantages over certain printed media such as newspapers and magazines. On the other side of the argument are scholars of the stature of Umberto Eco, the famous aut...

(Originally published in World Bank´s People, Places, Deliberation) Richard Branson believes in accountability. When he founded Virgin Galactic, the first company to offer commercial trips to space, he promised to be on board during the inaugural flight so that he would be the first saying “oops” if need be (let’s hope not). Similarly, the tradition is that the Captain of a ship is the last one to abandon it, if things go wrong, and to go down with it if necessary (the Captain of the “Costa Concordia” being a recent exception to this rule). In earlier times, Roman engineers stood under the arches they designed as the capstone was set in place, so that the full force of their mistakes would be unleashed upon their heads. Regardless of the definition of accountability used, spotting it is easy when it is there. The Inspection Panel was designed more than 20 years ago, at a time when both the Bank and the world were quite different. Today, information travels instantaneously, and the chal...

 (Originally published in World Bank´s People, Spaces, Deliberation) Although by definition there are many anniversaries each and every year, 2015 stands out as it includes the 70th anniversary of the fall of Nazi Berlin and the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. It is also the year in which Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) had to return in “Back to the Future– II.” Visiting the plains of northern Mongolia today is the closest thing to travelling in time. The most salient features in this otherwise flat and infinite landscape are the Gers (from the Turkish Yurt), traditional round structures made of wood frames covered with felt and animal skins. Over centuries, these structures have evolved to protect their inhabitants from the harsh winter weather. Except by their size, today’s Gers are no different from those used by the Great Kublai Khan in the late 1200s. If you happen to have access to Netflix, you can watch the Marco Polo series and witness the portrayal of the 13...

(Published in People, Spaces, Deliberation on April 2015) Not a likely headline in today’s world, and yet this is among the most important news in recent history. Since Homo sapiens appeared on the planet, societies have experienced steady progress on all issues related to their wellbeing: access to food, sanitation, life expectancy, poverty, violence, the environment, literacy, freedom and equality. More importantly, progress in the last two centuries has accelerated to the point that the great majority of humans today live longer, better, healthier and richer lives than did their parents and grandparents. “Progress” is indeed the title of the recently published book by Swedish author Johan Norberg. In it, and after building and analyzing a robust set of metadata compiled from the OECD, the World Bank, UN agencies and other reliable sources, he concludes categorically that “by almost any index, things are markedly better now that they have ever been for almost everyone alive.” So...

  Ha surgido el debate sobre si es racional o no convertir la anchoveta en harina de pescado para que esta a su vez sea usada como alimento de peces en la industria acuícola. De acuerdo a diversos cálculos, se usan entre 4 y 12 kilos de anchoveta para producir un kilo de pescado para consumo humano (hay un autor que usa al Lenguado como ejemplo pero admite que en realidad son otras las especies producidas – el Lenguado no se cría en cautiverio). Los economistas que han participado en el debate explican correctamente que la decisión racional solo la puede decidir el consumidor, y si efectivamente hay demanda por pescado de criadero esto es porque el valor de ese kilo de pescado es superior al valor de los 12 kilos de anchoveta, gracias a la cadena de valor agregado que ocurre durante el proceso de transformación. El mercado optimiza el uso del recurso y produce lo que el consumidor necesita, además de generar valor y trabajo. En términos generales, el uso de este argumento eco...

Luego de dos semanas de intensas discusiones, este sábado terminó en Varsovia la Conferencia de las Partes Número 19 (COP 19 por sus siglas en inglés), el máximo órgano de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Estas COPs son eventos significativos no solo porque en ellas se discuten los acuerdos de la Convención en sí, sino además porque generalmente reúnen a entre 10 y 15 mil delegados que aprovechan la ocasión para influenciar las agendas legítimas, hacer lobbying , o simplemente hacer pantomimas aprovechando el despliegue masivo de la prensa internacional. Como era de esperarse, esta COP 19 fue más bien mediocre y no arrojo grandes resultados. Se avanzó bien sobre los procesos de negociación que eventualmente podrían llevar a decisiones para combatir seriamente al cambio climático, pero no se tomó ninguna decisión de fondo. Es decir, los países se pusieron de acuerdo sobre cómo se discutirán las decisiones en sí..... Entre éstas, se consolidó la “P...

Se va a discutir mucho si el Tifón Hayan (también conocido como Yolanda) que acaba de destruir una buena parte de las Islas Filipinas es el producto del calentamiento global. Este Tifón de Categoría V, es decir la máxima, llegó  a tener vientos de 315 kilómetros por hora y es considerado el más potente jamás registrado en la historia de la humanidad que haya impactado sobre tierra firme. Si bien aún no se conoce el número de víctimas con exactitud porque los sistemas de comunicación han quedado destruidos, se estima que puede haber sobrepasado los 10,000 muertos, dejando además 4 millones de personas afectadas. La conexión entre los eventos climáticos extremos como este Tifón y el calentamiento global tiene una base científica bien establecida. Conforme se calienta el planeta, la diferencia del calentamiento entre el mar y la tierra no es constante. Dado que los eventos climáticos como los vientos (y por ende los huracanes o tifones) los produce este diferencial, el calentamiento...